They worked together in devising principles of the theory hence, there were progressive changes. They developed activity theory in the 1920s as an alternative to the Western interest in psychoanalysis and behaviorism. They were Lev Vygotsky (1986, 1978), Alexander Luria (1976), and Alexei Leont’ev (1978). The first generation was a team of Russian psychologists. Reviewing the history of the activity theory, Nussbaumer (2012) summarized the development of the theory into three generations with each building upon the previous one. Nussbaumer (2012) reported that activity theory has a growth or development pattern, which has been referred to as generational. Importantly, researchers need to understand the developmental stages of the theory before utilizing it in their research, regardless of the topic.
bridges between imagined, simulated and real situations that require personal engagement with material objects and artifacts (including other human beings) that follow the logic of an anticipated or designed future model of the activity” (Engeström 2007, 37) As defined in Kuutti (1995), activity theory is broadly defined as a philosophical and cross-disciplinary framework for studying different forms of human practices as development processes on interlinked individual and social levels. We have seen many different definitions of activity theory. At present, there is an emerging multidisciplinary and international community of scientific thought, a community reaching far beyond the original background, united by the central category of activity. Activity theory was first born within Soviet psychology (Kuutti, 1995).
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